By James Golobah

  In August 2014 WHO report, the Director of the World Health Organization Global Capacity Alert Response, Dr. Isabelle Nuttall said that unlike infections such as influenza or tuberculosis, Ebola is not airborne. In that report, Dr. Isabelle Nutall said Ebola can only be transmitted by direct contact with the body fluids of a person who is sick with the disease. The WHO report also went further to say “On the small chance that someone on the plane is sick with Ebola, the likelihood of other passengers and crew having contact with their body fluids is even smaller. Usually when someone is sick with Ebola, they are so unwell that they cannot travel.”

The Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone has opened a conversation about public health and the managing of health care system in the affected nations. Public health is about the need to know as a point of educating people about their health, putting a stop to disease, advancing the health and well-being of people and their communities. The practice of running the public health system is the managing of the care the system provides to its people. With the absence of established public health system to prevent diseases and manage heath care crisis in Ebola affected Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, the people are left with no other options for prevention and cure but prayers as doctors and nurses leaves hospitals for fear of coming in contact with the disease from a sick Ebola patient.

In Liberia, nurses and doctors left hospitals for fear of their lives as they were not fully equipped with medical device to care for patients affected with the Ebola virus as some of their colleagues who provided care for some patients had been affected by the virus and even died from it. In such case, the nurses and doctors thought the only option was to remove themselves from the hospitals. When you talk to people on the ground in Liberia, they will tell you that during the heat of the Ebola outbreak, nurses and doctors left the hospitals and people were dying in hospitals because there was no one there to care for the sick, that the government was considering closing the West Point area market and Duala.

In a conversation last August, a lady said her sister died from a low blood pressure after making several attempts to admit her sister to a hospital but all the hospitals were closed. Another gentleman mentioned that handshakes used to be a sign of friendship but for now, no more handshakes for fear of coming in contact with someone affected with the Ebola Virus. Every offices or homes you visit in Monrovia has a bucket filled with chlorine water to wash hands and one thing that has now become a common household name in Liberia is called hand sanitizer.

In the heat of the Ebola outbreak schools were closed for months and places of work were also closed to slow down the movement of people as a means to stop the spread of the Ebola Virus. With hospitals being closed, nurses and doctors abandoning healthcare facilities for fear of coming in contact with an affected patient due to the lack of proper medical device, as a result the Ebola virus has given green light to other diseases and circumstances to take the lives of people.

Imagine a pregnant woman in labor, a child with high fever, a sister with low blood pressure, a gentleman with a severe toothache and the worst of it, a person shivering with malaria in a nation with all of its hospital facilities closed.  In every society there are basic prevention responsibilities that an individual can handle when it comes to making choices for personal well-being such as looking left and right for oncoming traffic before crossing the road, brushing of teeth, taking a bath, cleaning your clothes but when it comes to an epidemic outbreak, the need for an established public health system to prevent diseases and manage health care cannot be underestimated. The time to act is now, the time to say something is now and the time to put your best foot forward is about time.

See below CDC report on Ebola outbreaks and link to CDC for more details

Click here to read more from CDC

CDC report on Ebola outbreaks

Countries with Widespread Transmission

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Countries with an Initial Case or Cases and/or Localized Transmission

Previously Affected Countries

*The outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Senegal, Nigeria, and Spain were declared over on October 17, October 19, and December 2, 2014, respectively. A national EVD outbreak is considered to be over when 42 days (double the 21-day incubation period of the Ebola virus) has elapsed since the last patient in isolation became laboratory negative for EVD. Report from CDC.

By Viola Hodge

    Nations in Africa and in other parts of the world people struggle to get safe drinking water every day. In major cities, most of the inhabitants rely on well-water dug within their communities. To get access to groundwater, people dig well by hand without a drill and the well does not have the capability of a pump. Stream water serves as a very important source for villager in Africa and rain water sometime help to occasionally reduce the burden of water shortage for couple of days. Some of the well-springs are privately owned or provided by a nonprofit organization for the entire community in major cities. In other parts of the world people may take safe drinking water for granted but in major cities and villages in Africa people take safe drinking water seriously because people are in continuous search for safe drinking water almost every day of their life. In villages, people fetch for drinking water in the streams and they use the same streams to bathe and do laundry. Most of these streams are not properly care for and as a result infected with water borne diseases.

People who have access to abundance water supply take long hot shower, waste water down the sink if they don’t need it; bath tubs are filled with water even though  they may not need to but just for luxury or relaxation. Others take shower any time of the day whenever they want, when brushing teeth the water keep running, toilets are flushed several times after use. Most countries in Africa and other parts of the world are long way from experiencing the luxury of having abundance water supply.
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According to a UN report, “water scarcity already affects every continent.  Around 1.2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity, and 500 million people are approaching this situation. Another 1.6 billion people, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, face economic water shortage (where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from rivers and aquifers).”  Read more: UN Water.

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On May 10, Time Magazine revealed its May 21^st cover story with a mom breast feeding her 3-year-old son. The 26-year-old mother of Los Angeles, California told Time Magazine that her son, Aram will be 4 in June. The Time cover story featuring Jamie Lynne Grumet is about attachment parenting. Attachment parenting is extended breast feeding, Co-sleeping and wearing your baby in a sling across your body. The Time said Grumet and her son are not models — they practice the behavior in real life as described in “The Baby Book,” published by Dr. Bill Sears and his wife, Martha, in 1992. In addition to breast-feeding older children and co-sleeping in developmental years, infants are also physically attached to their parents by wearing the baby in a sling across the body. Jamie Lynne Grumet also has a 5-year-old adopted son. She said she does not feel like breasting her 3-year-old son takes away from her personal life or her relationship with her husband which is very important to her.

Dr. William Sears, author of “The Baby Book” and attachment parenting, said in an interview, “I’ve never yet seen an attachment-parented baby who’s become a school bully,” said Sears. “If you were on an island, and you had no mother-in-laws, no psychologists, no doctors around, no experts, this is what you would naturally and instinctively do…”  Jamie Lynne Grumet told the Time Magazine that they were starting the process of adoption when she got pregnant. “We weren’t expecting our biological son at all. He was born two months early, and preemies that age don’t have a sucking reflex. The nurses in the NICU — they kept trying to put him on formula. I couldn’t see him for three days because I was so sick. I was basically passed out from the medication they were giving me. My husband is so great — he would bring the equipment in and actually do the pumping while I was asleep. It was a full family effort. My mother breast-fed me until I was six years old until I self-weaned. Her encouragement to breast-feed is why we were so successful.”

Related stories: Breast-feeding        

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    Senegal: conference on violence against health-care workers and facilities

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AKWAABA (Ah KWAA BA)!

Welcome to Ghana! This is the country where professional helpers and advocates, especially westerners like me, return again and again and again! Why? We feel safe, welcomed and, conveniently, English is the official language. Ghana is a fertile place for volunteerism, social development, and exchanges. Also, the generosity and kindness of Ghanaians is almost unmatched by any other country in Africa. Ghanaians proudly tell the world that they represent a country of good governance, conflict-free, economically stable, with a strong commitment to universal human rights and justice through a democratically elected government. Colonized by the British during the Presidency of Kwame Nkrumah, it was the first independent African nation in the 20th century, represented by a single black star on its flag, based on the principles of freedom and justice.

Health and Stigma, offers three reflections related to chronic disease, mental illness, and reproduction. Rebekah Urbonya’s narrative, Reflections on sickle cell disease research: Lessons learned from an American student’s collaborative research experience and travel in Ghana, shares an extraordinary journey and fresh observations of her initial visit to the continent. The author gained valuable experiences learning about barriers to health care access, differential resources, and stigma for those suffering from sickle cell disease in a hospital setting where, however, she received excellent mentorship from a pediatric physician. Second generation Ghanaian-American Lucinda Acquaye writes about Mental health issues in Ghanaian communities: From personal experience to professional obligation. Her work provides profound insights into the struggle between traditional beliefs of spirituality and modern medicine related to understanding “madness” as seen in everyday life and portrayed in “Gollywood” movies.

Readers interested in providing culturally competent mental health services globally will gain greater understanding of the role culture plays in beliefs about mental illness and treatment of this vulnerable population. Lastly, Abortion, possible and impossible: stigma and the narratives of Ghanaian doctors who provide abortions, authored by Lisa Martin, Michelle Precourt Debbink, Jane Hassinger, and Lisa H. Harris is different from all other narratives. It gives voice to Ghanaian workers on the “front lines” of abortion provision through the lens of abortion stigma as investigated by doctoral- prepared physicians and a social worker. In addition to sharing lessons learned in exploring various aspects of abortion practice, the authors present a compelling story of the ways in which abortion stigma manifests in and is reproduced by Ghanaian law, politics, and culture. Thus, they argue that advocates in the arena of reproductive justice and maternal mortality from unsafe abortions can only be effective if they address abortion stigma head-on, as they do in this narrative. Three narratives are featured in our fourth theme, Survival and Resilience (although we could argue that all the narratives in this special issue have those dynamics as underlying themes). These narratives offer stunning examples of positive images of survival and resilience of women and girls against all odds through an exploration of their faith, and empowerment through capacity-building projects by social workers and missionaries.
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As a polio survivor, Augustina Naami’s narrative, Personal reflections of resilience and survival of Ghanaian women with disabilities: A social worker and unemployed study subjects, is gripping when she shares her account of the impact of stigma, and support from family, God, and mentors in determining how she overcame a multitude of challenges that led to her becoming a scholar and leader in disability rights. Her interactions with unemployed disabled Ghanaian women provide a clearer picture of what they share in common, and of resilience. Through their stories, we can see authentic advocacy and survival strategies that can be used by practitioners in the global arena to promote self-esteem, empowerment, and sustainable development. The remaining two papers are authored by women who launched “mission” projects in Ghana with groups from the States of Michigan and Georgia. The Krisan/Sanzule refugee who inspired a Ghana ministry narrated by Rev. LaVerne McCain Gill recounts a nine-year ministry with more than 50 members going to Ghana to support several micro-economic projects, including construction of water wells. (I witnessed the development of this ministry as my family and I were members of the church.) Rev. Gill follows the development of the ministry through the travails of a Liberian refugee who lived in the camp from its inception in 1996 through 2006. The bonding between these two women is remarkable, told in true story fashion, and is well worth the read.

Lastly, author Marian Landrum Childs’ narrative, Economically empowering Ghanaian communities through patchwork quilting: Intergenerational project between female quilters in the U.S and Ghana, documents the vision, success, and cross-cultural implications of a CEO developing an income generating project. What is extraordinary about this endeavor is that Childs, a social worker, engaged elderly female quilters who had never been to the continent of Africa to mentor and facilitate the making of quilts in partnership with young Ghanaian women. This included a visit to Ghana to mutually share strategies of empowerment. The author drew from her faith to complete this paper after the sudden death in May 2011 of her 27-year-old son, a high-school football coach. In conclusion, it really does take a whole village, thus I want to acknowledge and thank a number of special colleagues and friends. Of course and first, thank you to the authors who have shared their compelling professional and personal experiences so that others may learn from them. Second, thanks to Robert Weiss, MD and his wife, Serena, who gave me sanctuary while I wrote the introduction to this issue. Thanks to colleagues Phyllis Antwi, MD, Rev. Seth Ayettey, MD, Onike Rodrigues, MD, Nana Apt, MSW, PhD, and Edith Lewis, MSW, PhD and nurse Beatrice Addoh, acquisition Librarian Gifty Boarky, and Nii Sarpei Nunoon Cultural Affairs Specialist for Exchanges at the U.S. Embassy in Ghana. A shout out to friend Steven J. Phillips of the Society of African Missions maintained in Ghana since 2005, a heart wrenching and nail-biting set of inspiring narratives of personal challenges and accomplishments aiding in the resettlement of Liberian refugees, a humbling experience that truly exemplifies the intent of this special issue.) Special thanks to the Reflections team for all their diligent behind the scenes work to make the work of all of us authors come alive on each page.

Again, AKWAABA!