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A look at five African Countries

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FEATURING: ANGOLA, BENIN, CAPE VERDE, COTE D’ VOIRE AND KENYA

 REPUBLIC OF KENYA

Kenya is located on the East Coast of Africa facing the Indian Ocean

Border: Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda and Sudan.

Capital: Nairobi Largest Cities: Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru, Machakos, Meru and Eldoret.

Independence: December 12, 1963

Major Languages: Swahili (National), English (Official), Kikuyu, and Maa

Currency: Shilling=100 cents

Key Farm Products: Bananas, beef, coffee, corn, pineapples, sisal, sugar cane, tea, wheat

Key Mineral Resources: Soda ash, fluorspar

Key Industrial Products: Cement, chemicals, petroleum products, processed food, textiles and vehicle

Exports: Tea, coffee, fruits and vegetables, petroleum products

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REPUBLIC OF ANGOLA

Angola is located on the Southwest coast of Africa.

Border: Namibia, Zambia, Zaire and the Atlantic Ocean.

Capital City: Luanda 

Population: 17,312,000 (IMF, 2009)

Independence: 1975

Official Language: Portuguese

Currency: Kwanza=100 lei

GDP Per Capita (PPP): US$6,116.52 (IMF, 2009)

GDP Per Capita (current prices, US Dollars) US$3,971.59 (IMF)

Key Farm Products: Bananas, Cassava, Coffee, Corn, Livestock, Millet, Palm oil, and Sugar cane.

Key Mineral Resources: Diamonds, Oil, and Iron ore.

Key Industrial Products: Beverages, Cement, Chemicals, Footwear, Processed food, and Textiles.

Exports: Oil and Diamonds.

REPUBLIC OF BENIN

Benin is located on the West coast of Africa extending 415 miles.

Border: Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria and Togo.

Capital: Porto-Novo/Cotonou

Population: 9.2 Millions (UN, 2010)

Independence: 1960

Official Language: French

Currency: CFA Franc GNI Per Capita: US$750 (World Bank, 2009)

Key Farm Products: Beans, Cassava, Cocoa, Corn, Coffee, Cotton, Millet, Peanuts, Rice, Sorghum, Sugarcane, Yams.

Key Mineral Resources: Limestone, and some offshore oil.

Key Industrial Products: Beverages, Cement, Palm oil, Sugar, and Textiles.

Exports: Cotton, Energy, Palm kernels and Palm oil.

REPUBLIC OF CAPE VERDE

Cape Verde is located on an Island on the West Coast of Africa near the mainland of the Republic of Senegal. Cape Verde is about 400 miles west of Senegal capital city Dakar. Cape Verde has ten Islands and five islets. Cape Verde economic is for the most part based on service industries.

Capital City: Praia.

Largest Cities: Praia and Mindelo

Population: Estimated at 512,600 (UN, 2010)

Independence: 1975, Cape Verde was formerly a colony of Portugal

Official Language: Portuguese

Cape Verde ethnic groups: African and European

Currency: Escudo=100 centavos, Exports: Oil and oil products, and fish.

Agriculture: Agriculture utilizes about one-fourth of the work force and import most of its food due to scanty rainfall and sporadic droughts.

Mining: Mining industry produces salt and a volcanic rock used by the cement industry.

 

COTE D’ VOIRE

 

Cote D’Voire: Formerly called Ivory Coast is situated on the West Coast of Africa. Cote D’ivoire has a border with Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana. The Republic of Cote D’iVoire got its independence on August 7, 1960 from France. The Official language of Cote D’iVoire is French and currency is CFA Franc =100 cents.

 

In 1983 a new capital was built at Yamoussoukro, the birthplace of the late president Felix Houphouet-Boigny. He became president in 1960 until his death in 1993. The former capital Abidjan remains the economic and financial capital. Pope John Paul II sanctified a basilica in Yamoussoukro; and cost more than US$800 million to construct.

A GLANCE AT EGYPT

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Egypt at a glance.jpgEGYPT-The Nation of Egypt is situated on the North coast of Africa along the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and bordering Libya in the West and Israel in the East with Sudan in the South. The Capital City of Egypt is Cairo and other major cities in Egypt are Alexandra, Giza, Port Said, Suez and Shubra al Khayma.

Economy-Key Products: barley, citrus fruits, cotton, dates, potatoes, rice, sorghum, sugar cane and wheat.

Key Mineral Resources: Oil and natural gas, phosphates, and iron ore.

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Exports: Oil and oil products, cotton goods, engineering and metal products

Source: Nations of Africa

Namibia to export over 140 animals to Cuba

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Namibia starts catching the first of 146 wild animals in a game park in preparation for their export to Cuba this year. WINDHOEK – Namibia this week started catching the first of 146 wild animals in a game park in preparation for their export to Cuba this year, sparking anger from animal rights activists.

“We are capturing young animals so we can choose which ones to dart and catch,” veterinarian Mark Jago was quoted as saying by local media.The translocation scheme, dubbed ‘Noah’s Ark II’, was signed with Cuba last week and will see 23 species, including endangered black and white rhinos, cheetahs, leopards and lions, flown to Cuba starting October.

Read more from Source: http://news.howzit.msn.com/namibia-to-export-over-140-animals-to-cuba

IMF Perspective for Sub-Saharan Africa

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      The prospect of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is on the rise in the face of the complex outside financial crisis coming from Europe. As the trend of high unemployment tend to be visible within African nations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) May 2012 Regional Economic Outlook report on Sub-Saharan Africa is excellent news. On the IMF findings, Ms. Antoinette Monsio Sayeh the Director of the African Department said despite difficult external conditions, output in sub-Saharan Africa grew by 5 percent last year. Most countries shared in this solid expansion. Exceptions included South Africa, slowed by weak demand from Europe, and countries in western Africa affected by drought in the Sahel and civil conflict in Côte d’Ivoire. Consumer price inflation rose, particularly in eastern Africa, sparked in part by a surge in global food and energy prices.

According to the International Monetary Press Release, Director Sayeh went further to say that expectation for 2012 output growth in sub-Saharan Africa will remain strong. Although modest world growth is expected to constrain export expansion, one-off factors, including new resource production in several countries, will help nudge the region’s output growth rate up to 5½ percent. But there is variation in performance across the region, with output in middle-income countries tracking more closely the global slowdown and with some sub-regions adversely affected, at least temporarily, by drought. Inflation is projected to moderate, most notably in countries in eastern Africa that have tightened monetary policy.

With the rise of entrepreneurships and China’s aggressive investment in Africa, the IMF’s promising report on Sub-Saharan Africa is news worth listening to regardless of variations that may cause economic pressure such as the global financial crises, trade margins, and inflation rate ranging from 16 percent to 20 percent in Kenya and Uganda. A UN Press Release on World Economic Situation and Prospects 2012 Mid-Year Report, one of the lead authors of the text and Director of the Department’s Development Policy and Analysis Division Mr. Rob Vos said while many of the key points in the present mid-year report were similar to what was contained in the report — World Economic Situation and Prospects 2012 — launched in January, but some of them had since worsened. If there was any message in the updated report, it was that the world was already in a global economic slowdown, which had started in 2011, he said, pointing to Europe, much of which was already in a recession that was trickling down to the rest of the world. Most concerning was the jobs crisis, particularly in developed countries, he stated.

Further continued slowdown was expected in 2012, with only slight upward trends in 2013, he said. The report estimated that world trade growth would slow further to 4.1 per cent this year, down from 13.1 per cent in 2010 and 6.6 per cent in 2011. Moreover, the risk of a further downward spiral was also very high; particularly from Europe, but also owing to weaknesses in other developed economies. There was also a risk that there could be further increases in commodity prices and capital flow volatility. The report also emphasizes the possibility of sharp rises in global energy prices, mainly caused by supply shocks due to political factors in the Middle East, he explained.

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Despite all the economic uncertainties, Director Sayeh said “This broadly favorable outlook is subject to clear downside risks because of global uncertainties, including the threat of renewed financial stresses in the euro area and the possibility of a surge in oil prices, triggered by geopolitical uncertainties. A weaker global economy would, of course, slow the pace of growth in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the resilience of the region’s economies over the course of the current global economic crisis provides confidence that solid growth can still be recorded under less favorable external conditions.”

“There are no “one-size-fits-all” policy recommendations. In countries where output growth is now strong and where budget deficits have widened significantly over the course of the crisis, governments should be taking the opportunity to rebuild fiscal positions and contain debt build-ups. But fiscal consolidation would be premature in countries where growth is weak and links to Europe are strong, unless borrowing capacity is eroded. Countries in the process of reducing elevated inflation rates will need to maintain monetary policy on the tight side until there is clear evidence of progress.”

A July 5 CNN Market Place interview with Frank Braeken, executive vice president of Unilever in Africa, said that for a long time multinationals have thought of the vast continent as a “monolithic” market, failing to address its diversity. “The African consumer has been underestimated, underserved and underserviced,” said Braeken. “What I mean is we have looked at it a little bit generically, like ‘the Africans,’ a little bit patronizing generically. Now we start to take the African consumer seriously.” Unilever, the maker of brands such as Lipton and Knorr, has been active in the continent for more than a century, with a presence in 15 countries and employing thousands of workers there.

S.Africa wakes up to neighbours as Europe struggles

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JOHANNESBURG (Reuters) – South Africa prides itself as a first world country in a third world continent, trading mostly overseas, but is starting to train its sights on its poor but fast-growing African cousins as turmoil in Europe slashes exports to its traditional markets. President Jacob Zuma’s government said this month it was looking to African oil producers such as Nigeria after bowing to Western pressure to cut imports from Iran – historically its biggest supplier – in compliance with sanctions over Tehran’s nuclear programme.

 South Africa’s crude imports from Iran fell 43 percent to 286,072 tonnes in April from the previous month, while imports from Nigeria rose nearly five-fold to 615,834 tonnes in March against 127,376 tonnes in the same month last year. While trade with the rest of the continent has increased gradually in the past decade, Africa’s economic powerhouse still playing lags Asian giants China and India which have established firm footings in mining, construction and clothing.

One reason is the legacy of apartheid, an era when when South Africa’s white-minority government eschewed trade ties with Africa in favour of Europe. “We missed an opportunity to our own detriment,” said Dawie Roodt, chief economist at research house Efficient Group. “Only recently has business in South Africa become part of Africa.”

              EUROPEAN ALTERNATIVE

Besides Iran, the turmoil in Europe, South Africa’s biggest trading partner, is providing another lesson on the need to shift focus to more dynamic growth spots from the debt-ridden region where a 2008/09 slowdown triggered the first recession in South Africa in 18 years. This year, the impact of the euro crisis has manifested itself mostly in local financial markets, where the rand has been among the most volatile of emerging market currencies, hitting a three year low of 8.71/dollar earlier this month. But the damage is also filtering into the real economy. Sales to Europe – while still accounting for the bulk of exports – fell to 23 percent of total exports in April from nearly 28 percent a year ago, according to customs data.

 “We need to be prepared if there is either a serious downturn or stagnation,” Lionel October, director-general of the Trade and Industry Ministry, told a business forum this month. “We must have a coherent response this time so we don’t suffer a knock as we did in the last round.”  With its economies growing at 5 percent or more, Africa is the obvious candidate to plug the gap – and regional exports are showing gradual signs of growth, from just 15 percent of total sales in April last year to 17 percent in April 2012.

However, South Africa’s trade with the continent – a three-fold increase since 2001 – has severely lagged that of China whose trade with Africa grew 16-fold over the same period. Exports to key economies such as Nigeria and Egypt are well below potential, said Standard Bank analyst Simon Freemantle. In 2011, just 0.5 percent of South Africa’s total exports to Africa were to Egypt, and 4 percent to Nigeria. By contrast, 16 percent of China’s African exports were to Nigeria and 13 percent to Egypt.

“We are very competitive within our southern Africa neighbourhood but to an extent we are missing out on the large and fast-growing economies elsewhere,” Freemantle said. “These are economies that we really could and should be doing more trade with and we haven’t prioritised them.”

              DIPLOMACY FOLLOWS, SLOWLY

While some local firms have beaten a path into frontier Africa, including retailer Shoprite, Standard Bank and mobile phone operators MTN and Vodacom, politicians have been slow to follow. For example, since his election in 2009, Zuma has yet to make an official visit to Nigeria and Ethiopia – Africa’s two most populous nations – but has been to Britain and other Western countries as well as south and central America.

Nigeria, Africa’s second largest economy, is an important potential market with a population of 150 million people. With official GDP due to jump 40 percent under an imminent rebasing, it will also come close to South Africa in size. Relations between the two countries remain prickly, often over matters as trivial as “District 9”, a 2009 South African science fiction movie that portrayed Nigerians as cannibals, or South African immigration officials deporting 125 Nigerians accused of carrying fake vaccination papers.

 “There is a perception that South Africa tilts her nose up at its neighbours and that could be costing it dearly against countries like China in terms of trade and investment,” said one southern African diplomat who declined to be named. However, there are signs of relations being put on a more serious footing. This year, South Africa publicly backed Nigerian Finance Minister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala for World Bank president – a diplomatic olive branch that was not diminished by her ultimately missing out on the position.

South Africa’s geographical proxmity and advanced banking system also mean it is still well-positioned to catch up with Asian rivals in the 21st century ‘Scramble for Africa’. “We have the advantage above India and China in that our financial systems are so sophisticated that nobody can really compete with us,” Efficient Group’s Roodt said.  “The guys that can compete with us are the Europeans or the Americans and they are far away and don’t really understand Africa as we do.”

 

This story previously appeared at Reuters

Meet the richest woman in the world

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       Ms Rinehart has three projects in the top 10, the same number as Rio Tinto.  BHP Billiton has none. “If the demand for natural resources remains strong, additional  multi-billion-dollar mines are almost inevitable,” Mr Heathcote said. “There is  a real possibility that Rinehart will become not just the richest woman in the  world but the richest person in the world.”

Richest women graphic

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Read more: News.com.au

 

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 Australian tycoon ‘is world’s richest woman’

 

AFPAFP – 21 hrs ago

 

  •     Australia 7 News 

 

Australia’s richest person Gina Rinehart has eclipsed Wal-Mart heiress Christy Walton to become the world’s wealthiest woman, according to an annual index by Business Review Weekly. A preview of the respected BRW Rich 200 list, published Wednesday, put the mining tycoon’s personal fortune at Aus$29.17 billion (US$28.48 billion), a figure that sees her outstrip Walton for the first time. In March, Forbes placed Walton and her family’s net worth at US$25.3 billion, while Rinehart’s fortune stood at US$18 billion.

BRW rich list editor Andrew Heathcote said mining magnate Rinehart had almost tripled her wealth in 12 months as commodity prices rose and she pulled off two deals in iron ore and coal. “The Aus$18.87 billion increase in her wealth is unparalleled. It is a product of foreign investment in new projects, increased production and a recovery in the iron ore price over the past six months,” said Heathcote. Rinehart, 58, heiress to an iron ore prospecting empire built in Australia’s resources-rich west, is a controversial figure who stridently campaigned against new mining taxes and recently bought up big in the media sector.

She is also locked in a series of lawsuits, including an acrimonious row with her own children over a family trust where she has been accused of threatening to financially ruin them. Heathcote said Rinehart was on track to overtake Mexican telecommunications tycoon Carlos Slim — worth US$69 billion — as the world’s richest person as demand ramps up for Australia’s natural resources. “A $100 billion fortune is not out of the question for Rinehart if the resources boom continues unabated,” said Heathcote.

“There is a real possibility that Rinehart will become not just the richest woman in the world but the richest person in the world.” The full BRW list of Australia’s richest people, the upper rungs of which are usually dominated by mining tycoons, will be unveiled on Thursday.

Market News

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Kenya’s Solar-powered phones

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        Chief Mohammed Abdi use his newly acquired solar phone to communicate with a villager in northern Kenya. Solar-powered phones fill a need in areas of Kenya off the conventional electrical grid.The upcoming Rio+20 conference on sustainable development will try to identify solutions to worsening resource scarcity and climate change, but Habiba Rage may already be holding one in the palm of her hand.

 

Solar-powered phones recharge Kenya’s conversations

 

By David Njagi, AlertNet

The upcoming Rio+20 conference on sustainable development will try to identify solutions to worsening resource scarcity and climate change, but Habiba Rage may already be holding one in the palm of her hand.

The 38-year-old from Alago Alba in Kenya’s North Eastern Region has overcome her village’s lack of connection to the electricity grid with a cell phone that uses solar energy to recharge. “Our village does not have electricity,” says the mother of four. “It is very difficult to own a mobile phone because of the energy it needs to keep working.”

Habiba needs a phone for her livelihood as a trader including to keep track of stock arriving from Isiolo, the nearest urban center. Attacks by bandits along the 110 km (70 mile) route are not uncommon. Like many others in this marginalized region, she has long found it hard to stay charged up and in touch. But communications are now getting faster and more reliable, thanks to Rage’s phone, which takes advantage of the scorching sun. The phone was invented by telecommunications company Safaricom (owned by the UK’s Vodafone) and Kenya’s Mobitelea Ventures.
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It is fitted with a charger that absorbs and stores energy directly from the sun. Users do not need a mains connection to charge their phones, nor do they have to travel long distances to the nearest shopping center to pay for the same service. The gadget is not only relatively affordable but environmentally friendly since it is manufactured from recycled electronic waste, officials say. “It is a brilliant innovation,” said Michael Odera, director of the climate change office in Kenya’s Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources. “It meets environmental goals and also deals with problems linked to increasing power outages in the country.”

According to Odera, the phone is particularly useful among rural communities where there is no mains electricity, but it also serves the needs of the urban poor who are faced with electricity rationing. The phone’s price tag of 1,500 Kenyan shillings ($18) is about half the cost of the cheapest conventional cell phones. It is an innovation that may help to make poor Kenyans like Habiba less marginalized, according to a recent report by Christian Aid. The international agency estimates that only 5 percent of Kenya’s rural areas and 51 percent of the urban population have access to electricity.

The Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) estimates that current capacity is 1,300 MW, greater than the total demand of 1,100 MW. But industrial growth means that demand threatens to outstrip supply, according to the Kenya Association of Manufacturers. Meanwhile, many Kenyans cannot afford electricity because the cost of getting a mains connection can be as high as $600. The Kenyan government is paying increasing attention to the potential of solar power as a renewable energy resource as it seeks to meet its population’s energy needs in an environmentally friendly and sustainable way.

“Kenya can satisfy this need [for more power] through investment in renewable energy,” said the newly appointed Minister for Environment and Natural Resources, Chirau Mwakwere, during a press in briefing in Nairobi. The government also is trying to boost generation of hydroelectric power. But this will increase pressure on already strained water resources, and 80 percent of Kenya consists of arid and semi-arid land. This problem makes solar power an increasingly attractive proposition. The African Energy Policy Research Network, a local non-governmental organization, says Kenya receives an estimated four-to-six kilowatt hours of solar radiation per square meter, the energy equivalent of about 300 million tons of oil per day.

• David Njagi is an environmental writer based in Nairobi.

• This article originally appeared at AlertNet, the Thomson Reuters Foundation humanitarian news service.

Related Story: Kenya

Facebook boosts IPO

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Facebook said in its latest filing that it arrived at the higher IPO price range after one week of marketing the offering – part of a cross-country roadshow in which CEO Zuckerberg has taken the stage to lay out his vision for the company’s money-making potential and its top priorities.

 

Facebook boosts IPO size by 25 percent, could top $16 billion

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  • A flag announcing the IPO of Facebook flies next to the American flag outside the offices of J.P. Morgan in New York City, New York May 4, 2012. REUTERS/Lee CelanoA flag announcing the IPO of Facebook …
  • The Facebook logo is shown at Facebook headquarters in Palo Alto, California May 26, 2010. REUTERS/Robert Galbraith

    The Facebook logo is shown at Facebook …

 

NEW YORK/SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) – Facebook Inc will increase the size of its initial public offering by 25 percent, a source familiar with the matter said, and could raise as much as $16 billion as strong investor demand for a share of the No.1 social network trumps debate about the company’s long-term potential to make money. Those concerns over revenue growth were underscored earlier on Tuesday, when General Motors said it planned to pull out of advertising on Facebook. Facebook, founded eight years ago by Mark Zuckerberg in a Harvard dorm room, will add about 85 million shares to its IPO, floating about 422 million shares in an offering expected on Friday, the source told Reuters, declining to be identified because the information was confidential.

The expanded size, coupled with Facebook’s recently announced plans to raise the IPO price range, would make Facebook the third-largest initial share sale in U.S. history after Visa Inc and GM. Facebook declined to comment on the increased IPO size, which was first reported by CNBC on Tuesday. The social networking company is drumming up massive demand for the offering even as slowing revenue and user growth spur questions about the long-term Facebook story.  “This is much more a spectacle, a media event and a cultural moment than it is an IPO,” said Max Wolff, an analyst at GreenCrest Capital. “This is not a game of models and fundamentals at this point.” GM’s announcement, while ill-timed, should not seriously hurt Facebook’s IPO reception for now as it may not be representative of advertisers’ overall attitude, said Brian Wieser, an analyst with Pivotal Research Group. “The demand for the IPO probably won’t be affected materially by this,” he said, noting, however, there were probably a lot of calls between underwriters and investors following GM’s announcement.

The IPO, Silicon Valley’s largest, eclipses the roughly $2 billion debut by Google Inc in 2004. Facebook raised the target price range to $34-$38 per share in response to strong demand, from $28-$35, according to a Tuesday filing. That would value the company at $93-$104 billion, rivaling the market value of Internet powerhouses such as Amazon.com Inc, and exceeding that of Hewlett-Packard Co and Dell Inc combined. The increased price range made it very unlikely that Facebook shares would double on their trading debut as they might have if the company had come out at the low end of its initial price range, Wolff said. He expects a first-day gain of about 10 percent. “No rational person thought they were buying the stock for $28,” said Wedbush Securities analyst Michael Patcher, noting Facebook had traded as high as $44 in the secondary markets in recent months.

Facebook said in its latest filing that it arrived at the higher IPO price range after one week of marketing the offering – part of a cross-country roadshow in which CEO Zuckerberg has taken the stage to lay out his vision for the company’s money-making potential and its top priorities. The price range hike, coupled with strong results from Internet and social media players Groupon Inc and China’s Renren Inc, contributed to a dotcom rally on Wall Street on Tuesday. Shares of Pandora Media Inc rose 10.3 percent, Zynga Inc was up 7.7 percent, Groupon climbed 3.7 percent and Renren gained 6.4 percent.

              LONG-TERM GROWTH

Before the IPO size was increased, Facebook would have raised about $12.1 billion based on the midpoint price of $36 and the 337.4 million shares on offer originally. At this midpoint, Facebook would be valued at roughly 27 times its 2011 revenue, or 99 times earnings. Google went public at a valuation of $23 billion, or 16 times its trailing revenue and 218 times earnings. Apple Inc went public in 1980 at a valuation of 25 times its revenue and 102 times earnings. Facebook’s IPO comes as some investors worry the company has not yet figured out a way to make money from a growing number of users who access the social network on mobile devices such as smartphones. Meanwhile, revenue growth from Facebook’s online advertising business, which accounts for the bulk of its revenue, has slowed in recent months.

With some 900 million users, it had $1 billion in net income on revenue of $3.7 billion in 2011. The company has also extended the time frame for its $1 billion acquisition of mobile app maker Instagram, projecting the deal would close this year instead of the second quarter as it previously indicated. It provided no reasons, though a source familiar with the matter told Reuters last week that the U.S. Federal Trade Commission has reached out to Google and Twitter as part of the agency’s standard review for deals of that size. Facebook is scheduled to price its shares on Thursday and begin trading on the Nasdaq on Friday. A host of Wall Street banks are underwriting the offering, with Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs serving as leads.

(Additional reporting by Tanya Agrawal; Editing by Edwin Chan, Maureen Bavdek, Matthew Lewis, Richard Chang, Ryan Woo and Ian Geoghegan)

Tanzania to get $495 million from donors for budget

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Reuters News report

   DAR ES SALAAM (Reuters) – Donors have pledged to increase aid to Tanzania to $495 million for its 2012/13 budget but warned future disbursements could depend on how it tackled corruption and misuse of public funds. The east African nation of 42 million people is among the continent’s biggest per capita aid recipients. Donors contributed almost 29 percent of its 2011/12 budget and they are an important source of hard currency. “Clear results in the fight against corruption are crucial for economic and social development in Tanzania,” a group of donors said in a statement on Thursday. Such symptoms need to viagra for women be properly examined or investigated, through tests like urine culture or vaginal secretion. The capsule is full of fundamental nutrients that enhance male and female libido. prescription order viagra without More than 50 percent of purchase cheap viagra users do not fear any threat when this software in installed on their computer. As of now, we know that shop viagra is one of the top sexologists in Delhi who have immense expertise in sex treatment. “Over the coming year continued and strong attention will be paid to the way public finances are spent by closely monitoring how the findings in the latest Controller and Auditor General’s annual report are being acted upon.” The nation received $453 million of aid for its 2011/12 budget, but the government’s medium-term goal is to cut donor dependency in its budget to just 10 percent. Donors that provide general budget support to Tanzania include the African Development Bank, Canada, Denmark, the European Union, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Britain and the World Bank. They said more than half of the funds would be disbursed in the first quarter of the next financial year to boost government spending in development projects. President Jakaya Kikwete sacked six senior ministers this month, including the finance minister, after a report by the government’s chief auditor exposed widespread misuse of funds in ministries and public institutions.