Culture is a way of life. As the way of life capture the attention of every community around the globe, values and norms becomes the focus point for creating meaning to the everyday life of people.  On April 21, 2012 the Town of Nkandla in the KwaZulu Natal Province, caught the attention of many people around the world when the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma got married to his fourth wife Gloria Bongi Ngema. This is the sixth time Jacob Zuma has gotten married. When 70 year-old Zuma tied the knot with his fourth wife in a private ceremony, his three wives were all in attendance. The Zulu tradition permits polygamy.  President Zuma has 21 children and practices the Zulu tradition. A spokesman for the government of South Africa, Mac Maharaj said, “One of the challenges we have in this world … is that some communities are looked down as inferior and there’s a major struggle to assert our culture.”  “You don’t have to be ashamed of your culture provided you don’t intrude on other people’s fundamental rights.”                                                                   AFP/Getty Images:

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Photo: Courtesy of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources

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“We do not want snakeheads in our waters,” said Maryland Department of Natural Resources Inland Fisheries Director Don Cosden. “This initiative is a way to remind anglers that it is important to catch and remove this invasive species of fish.” The Snakehead is in nearly about 8 States in the United States. According to the report to enter the contest, anglers must catch, kill and then post a picture of themselves with a dead snakehead fish caught in Maryland on the DNR’s  Angler’s Log webpage. Winners will be drawn on November 30, 2012. Last year, 69 anglers entered the contest, killing 82 of the creatures. Read more

  Brenda F. McGadney, PhD, Siena Heights University

AKWAABA (Ah KWAA BA)!                                               Part I

Welcome to Ghana! This is the country where professional helpers and advocates, especially westerners like myself, return again and again and again! Why? We feel safe, welcomed and, conveniently, English is the official language. Ghana is a fertile place for volunteerism, social development, and exchanges. Also, the generosity and kindness of Ghanaians is almost unmatched by any other country in Africa. Ghanaians proudly tell the world that they represent a country of good governance, conflict-free, economically stable, with a strong commitment to universal human rights and justice through a democratically elected government. Colonized by the British during the Presidency of Kwame Nkrumah, it was the first independent African nation in the 20th century, represented by a single black star on its flag, based on the principles of freedom and justice.

Ghanaians have a close kinship to Americans. Thousands of Americans travel to Ghana yearly, and many African Americans claim Ghana as their ancestral home, making it ripe for indigenous collaborative development. President Kennedy provided most of the funding for the construction of the Volta River Dam. Launching the Peace Corps 50 years ago at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, he encouraged young people to go to Ghana. Three sitting Presidents and their families have visited the country: Clinton, Bush, and Obama. Ghana’s favorite son, Chancellor of the University of Ghana Kofi Annan, served as the Secretary General to the United Nations for ten years.

Given this background, I hope you will agree that the papers in this special issue will increase the cultural awareness of the challenges and accomplishments that professional helpers and advocates endeavor to reduce disparity and make a difference in the lives of Ghanaians. The narratives are organized to support four themes beginning with Lessons Learned: Cross-Cultural Sensitivities and Relationship-Building. Rose Walls’ anchor paper, In Ghana here… is laced with humor and candid story-telling, and offers a sincere reflection of and insights to her adjustment and development of cultural awareness regarding life in Ghana, from the perspective of an African American female social worker and lawyer. Through her unique and realistic take on life, those who have visited Ghana might find themselves laughing out loud, slapping their knees or nodding their heads as they remember having similar experiences. For other readers, Walls’ narrative can be a strategic guide of what to do and not do, providing perhaps sufficient cultural awareness to start off on the right foot as a professional helper and advocate.

Two of my Ghana students, George Domfe, and Kwasi Boakye Akosah, joined me in Reflections of an American professor and Ghanaian social work students: Implementation of collaborative teaching/learning methods to assess indigenous social problems. The authors demonstrate the ability of a class of 134 students and the professor to act as cultural guides, teaching and learning from each other while developing ethical problem-solving strategies and interventions for 14 indigenous social problems. The students’ account and evaluation of the “prof’s” teaching style is unedited. Their description of the collaborative development of course content includes an unabashed and honest assessment of themselves, their peers, and social problems in their homeland.

In Ghana: A great place to be, the narrator, Montrella Cowan, shares her experience visiting the Motherland for the first time as a Study Abroad student. Cowan shares strategies of how, as a single mother, she learned to serve the global community. She is clear that a social worker’s success in working cross-culturally and internationally must stem from active engagement. This narrative, a self-esteem builder for non-traditional students, includes vivid descriptions of lessons learned and how experiential field trips and advocacy research experiences increased her cultural awareness of social issues, especially human rights and development projects for the poor.
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The next two papers that offer additional awareness on cross-cultural lessons learned were written by social work academicians who have extensive experience facilitating exchange, internships and study/tour programs in Ghana. Both papers address issues related to prejudice, racism, privilege, structural disadvantages, or oppression and resistance. The authors propose a paradigm shift to help stakeholders understand our relationship in the global marketplace and need to expand our conceptualization of cultural competence as we become more involved in international education and practice. Edith Lewis narrates Cultural differences and neo-colonialism in social work: Negotiating exchanges between Ghana and the United States, a frank critical challenge to institutions – especially social work schools – and colleagues regarding mutually sustainable professional practicum exchanges.

Lewis insists that effective exchanges are possible if there is willingness by representatives from the African Diaspora and non-Africans to work affirmatively to shift their world views. Readers are then informed that this can be done while upholding the values and ethics of social work practice through an understanding of self and willingness to distribute resources. As Director of Educational Study Tours and Internships, Sadye Logan authored Experiencing Ghana at different points and times. The narrator expands cross-cultural awareness by sharing personal experiences, perceptions, and interest in Ghana from her perspective as a sixth generation Gullah or Gheeche-speaking Sea Islander in South Carolina. In addition to her narration about the impact of the tours and internships on the participants, readers should find fascinating similarities between her life on John’s Island and that of the daily activities of Ghanaians, such as speech, hair styles, fishing, quilting, and other everyday habits.

Relative to the second theme of Social and Economic Justice, Ghanaian doctoral students in the U.S. and Ghana share their reflections on arresting disenfranchisement of women and children in the workplace. Elizabeth Nana Mbrah Koomson authored Mining communities in Ghana: Reflections on the nature and type of work for female miners and non-miners. This is an extraordinary paper as the lifestyles and working conditions of female miners have rarely been documented. The author describes these women’s experiences in small-scale mining, and discriminatory practices relative to culturally determined positions of women in Ghanaian society, including the nature and type of work and compensation, and overall impact of their livelihood on family stability and vulnerability in the mines.

Child labor: The silent thief of children’s rights in Ghana, narrated by Kwadwo Ofori-Dua, is filled with dynamic first-person narratives of exploited children, mostly in fishing communities, even though the government has policies that prohibit such labor practices. He concludes that this negative practice is endemic, especially in the informal sector, and offers lessons learned and recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to restore healthy child development.

“The more you focus on words that uplift you, the more you embody the ideas contained in the words.”- Oprah Winfrey.  

What you see yourself as is what you could be, but what others see you as is a perception. Submitted by James Jornyoun 2.22.12
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  The Underground Railroad & Black History Museum of Newark, Ohio marked the Juneteenth celebration with a formal recognition and dedication of the event for Liberia’s 5th President, Edward James Roye, born in Newark, February 3, 1815.The dedication took place during the 2nd Annual Juneteenth Celebration on June 17, 18, & 19, East Main Street in Newark, Ohio. The festive celebration displayed fine arts and historical synopsis of Eddie Roye growing up as a young boy in Newark, Ohio.

In November of 2010, twenty-one members delegation of Liberians led by the Liberian-American Association of Toledo visited the birthplace of Edward James Roye on Mount Vernon Road. The Newark Advocate News covered the News story of the Liberians’ visit and the story was culled by the New Democrat Newspaper in Liberia in its November 2010 Publication. Rita Jackson, Founder and Director of Music Works And Arts Too, and Underground Railroad & Black History Museum, Licking County, dedicated the 2 acres of green space behind the Castle On the Canal Building and officially named it the Edward James Roye Canal Gardens. She hopes to learn more about Liberia and intends to get some plants/flowers from Liberia to put in the Gardens.

James Jornyoun, a motivating and focused leader, and a trained manager by profession spoke on Friday on behalf of the honor bestowed upon the 5^{th President of Liberia. James Jornyoun, President of the Liberian-American Association of Toledo, said “Edward James Roye was a visionary and a man with the sense of community.} He made us proud and his vision lives on from the shores of Liberia to the beautiful city of Newark, Ohio. We are grateful to have him honored in this great city of Newark.” Jornyoun said although Edward James Roye was involved in politics but he was a successful businessman, and his vision was to extend opportunities to everyone in Liberia. Also speaking on Friday was Emmanuel S. Wettee, the 23^{rd President of the Union of Liberian Associations in the America (ULAA). Mr. Wettee, a Business Process Analyst with the State of Ohio, said E. J. Roye took office when Liberia was encountering political and financial crisis.}

Edward James Roye decided to take a loan from Great Britain to bring the country back to economic empowerment. Wettee said although the loan was controversial, but E. J. Roye had the people at heart and did not want the Liberian people to suffer financial hardship; one of the main reasons he obtained the loan. William Kolenky, Acting Secretary General of the Federation of Liberian Associations in Ohio (FOLAO) also spoke at the event honoring E.J. Roye on Saturday. Kolenky said Edward James Roye has been referred to as the “ninth and forgotten president from Ohio.”  In a land far away from the Ohio, he is known by some as the “Lincoln of Liberia.” Liberia was trying to modernize its agricultural economy as Roye took office.

Roye began a program of reconstruction with the intention of building new roads and schools.  Kolenky said  in order to raise the funds for the projects, Roye sailed to England where he began negotiations with London banks.  The terms of the loans were severe; among other things, the interest rate on the loan was 7%.  Loan amount was about $90,000, while bonds were issued for $400,000. Dr. Sakui W. G. Malakpa, professor in the Department of early childhood, physical and special education at the University of Toledo served as guest speaker at the Dedication & Award Dinner honoring Edward James Roye on June 19, 2011. Professor Malakpa, who also serve as the coordinator of the vision program at the University of Toledo said E.J. Roye started attending Ohio University at the age of 17, but couldn’t find work after graduation. He traveled to Terre Haute, Indiana, where he set up the community’s largest barbershop, following his father’s footsteps. Dr. Malakpa said that Edward James Roye was a descendent of the Igbo tribe from Nigeria, West Africa. After his Keynote address, Dr. Sakui Malakpa took questions from the audience and they were very impressed to learn of Edward James Roye’s journey to Liberia along with his accomplishments.  Report by: NewLinkAfrica Lifestyle Services info@newlinkafrica.com

SPEECH BY WILLIAM KOLENKY, ACTING SECRETARY GENERAL OF FEDERATION OF LIBERIAN ASSOCIATIONS IN OHIO (FOLAO) June 18, 2011

EDWARD JAMES ROYE

Edward James Roye from (February 3, 1815 – February 11, 1872) served as the fifth President of Liberia from 1870 to his overthrow and subsequent violent death in 1872.  He had previously served as the 4^th Chief Justice of Liberia from 1865 until 1868.  He was the first member of Liberia’s True Whig Party to serve as President.

HIS EARLY LIFE:

Roye was born into a prosperous African American family in Newark, Ohio.  Roye was a descendant of the Igbo people.  His father, John Roye, managed a ferry across the Wabash River at Terre Haute, Indiana and acquired considerable land there and in Vandalia, a neighboring state of Illinois.  Because of his family’s financial standing, young Edward was able to attend Ohio University in Athens, Ohio.  After the death of his father Edward relocated to Terre Haute, Indiana in 1836 where he established the community’s largest barber shop, which boasted a 79-foot high barber pole, “the tallest in western Indiana”.

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LIFE IN LIBERIA, WEST AFRICA:         

In 1846, attracted by the American Colonization Society, Edward Roye immigrated to Liberia and setup business as a merchant.  Within three years of his arrival he became active in Liberian politics.  Edward served as Speaker of the Liberian House of Representatives and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Liberia (1865-1868).  Roye was inaugurated as President of Liberia on January 3, 1870.

            As Roye took office, the country was in the midst of political instability exacerbated by a fiscal crisis.  The cost of imports was far greater than the income generated by the export of coffee, rice, palm oil, sugarcane and timber.  Liberia was trying to modernize its agricultural economy as Roye took office.

Roye began a program of reconstruction with the intention of building new roads and schools.  In order to raise the funds for these projects, Roye sailed to England where he began negotiations with London banks.  The terms of the loans were severe; among other things, the interest rate on the loan was 7%.  Roye hastily agreed to the loans without consulting the legislature.  Liberia actually received approximately $90,000, while bonds were issued for $400,000.  Because of increasing world competition Liberia was unable to generate sufficient export revenue and defaulted on the loan negotiated by Roye.  Recession forced Liberia into a series of even larger loans.  The decline of Liberia’s exports and its inability to pay its debts resulted in a large measure of foreign interference.

SUMMARY:

There is no specific historical record available detailing the date and circumstances of his death, although varying accounts indicate he was either killed on February 11^th or February 12^th of 1872 or drowned while trying to reach a British ship in Monrovia harbor.

Many years later the nation of Liberia took another look at Edward J. Roye, their fifth president. A building housing what was the True Whig Party headquarters was named in his honor, as well as a ship, a town, and several schools.  Was he a villain or a victim of poor political planning?  Did he seek his own prosperity over that of the common citizens of Liberia?  Edward James Roye has been referred to as the “ninth and forgotten president from Ohio.”  In a land far away from the Ohio, he is known by some as the “Lincoln of Liberia.”